GPR Investigation of Mining Induced Subsidence and its Effects on Surface Structures: A Case Study of Srinagar City, J&K, India, NW Himalayas
Authors
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Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Bikram Singh Bali -
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Ahsan Afzal Wani
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Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Gulam Rasool Bhat
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Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Sareer Ahmad Mir
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-021-1756-5Keywords:
No KeywordsAbstract
The subsidence reported from the Rainawari, 4 kms north west of Lal Chowk (The city centre of Srinagar) in 1999-2000 was mainly restricted to Surateng (which in local language means a mound of ash) locality of the area. Rainawari, 4 km north west of Srinagar city invariably witnessed land subsidence for the past several decades and in this process most of the structures in the area suffered massive damage including collapse, sags, sinking of floors, temporal and spatial evolution of cracks, swaying, sink holes, colloquially numerous structures started sinking and tilting and major potholes appeared on roadways, thus creating panic in the inhabitants of the area. The surface change phenomena in the present study is strictly restricted to a small area, where extensive underground mining related to pottery industry has a history of hundreds of years. In this context, six ground penetrating radar profiles have been acquired from two main sites namely JLNM hospital and Surteng locality of Rainawari using 200, 500 MHz shielded and 100 MHz rough terrain antennas. In order to investigate the shallow sub-surface, possible locations of sink holes, kinematics of the subsidence phenomena, spatial-temporal evolution of sink holes, effects of subsidence on surface structures, to locate underground caves and cavities, seismic liquefaction features, geometry and trends in near surface tectonic deformation, geotechnical characterization and seismic resilience of the surface structures, the subsurface imaging was acquired using GPR. Major sub-surface observations made were underground cavities, room and pillar mining structures and voids. In addition to the sub-surface structures caused by the mining in the historical past, the surface deformations were observed in the form of cracks developed in the construction.
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